Anything is possible..
Transformer creates lots of temp files which you could maybe sift through but this is something Cognos would have to help you with.
If your data source keeps causing your cube build to fail then you really need to consistently fix your data source before the cube builds it.
Depending on what stage of the cube build fails, there might not be a simple way to identify which record is the problem. It might be loads of records. i.e. a uniqueness violation might be caused due to records 500, 579, 999, but by the time this is recognised in the cube commit stage, the record numbers bear no resemblance to database records.
You really need to identify and fix this completely in the data source.